Top 10 Confused Words in English [I-L]

Top 10 Confused Words in English [I-L] Top 10 Confused Words in English [I-L] Top 10 Confused Words in English [I-L] By Maeve Maddox Seven of these ten generally confounded word sets starting with the letters I-L are visit enough to have earned at least one full posts at Daily Writing Tips. You’ll discover joins toward the finish of every thing. 1. unlawful/evoke Unlawful is a descriptor meaning, â€Å"not permitted by law or social conventions.† Elicit is an action word meaning, â€Å"to draw out an answer or reaction.† 2. suggest/derive Expanding quantities of speakers disregard the qualification between these words, however it stays a valuable one. Infer is â€Å"to propose indirectly.† Infer is â€Å"to draw a conclusion.† Related posts: Befuddled Words #6: Imply versus Gather Suggest and Infer 3. it’s/its Notwithstanding the hundreds, maybe a large number of clarifications to be found on the Web with respect to the contrast between these two spellings, the misstep of composing it’s for its remaining parts the most well-known composed blunder of all. It’s is the contracted type of the words it and is. Its is the possessive descriptive word that relates to his and their: Max has colored his hair red. The kids have finished their tests. The feline has paint on its tail. Related posts: It’s or Its? The Truth About â€Å"It’s† 4. correspond/jive The most well-known mistake with this pair is to utilize jive, a word that gets from melodic phrasing, in a setting that calls for correspond, a word that implies, â€Å"to concur with.† Here are two right employments of the word agree: His understanding of the law doesn’t agree with mine. Your clarification doesn't agree with the realities. Related posts: Sneer, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive 5. opposed/despise Opposed (articulated with an unvoiced th like the one in meager) is a descriptive word initially meaning threatening, furious, or resentful. In present day use it implies opposed, hesitant, hesitant, or reluctant, as in this New York Times headline:† Inquiry Goes To Committee That May Be Loath to Act.† A variation spelling is loth. Despise (articulated with a voiced th like the one in this) is an action word meaning â€Å"to feel solid revultion for† as in the title of a TED point: â€Å"Why Do So Many People Loathe Their Jobs?† Note: TED is a philanthropic association that patrons and communicates addresses on different social issues. The name is an abbreviation framed from the words Technology, Entertainment, and Design. Related posts: Action word Mistakes #5: Loathe â€Å"Loath† and â€Å"Loathe† 6. free/lose Free can work as an action word meaning â€Å"to free† or â€Å"to release,† however its most normal use is as a modifier to mean, â€Å"not tight.† Lose is an action word that has different undertones of misfortune. For instance, an individual may lose his way in the forested areas. The past tense of lose is lost. Related posts: Confounded Words #3: Lose, Loose, Loss Free or Lose? 7. last/stepping stool As a thing, last methods â€Å"the individual or thing referenced second of two.† A stepping stool is a machine of wood or other material, comprising of a progression of bars/rungs/steps/fixed between two backings. Speakers who don't recognize unmistakably between the hints of t and d may incorrectly spell last as stepping stool, as in these models: Mistaken: There are two modes to developed play: Casual, and Ranked. A few people pick the previous, a few people pick the stepping stool.- Gaming site. Right : There are two modes to built play: Casual, and Ranked. A few people pick the previous, a few people pick the last mentioned. Mistaken: Many cops realize that quite a bit of their main responsibility is to gather income. It’s now obvious, that when given the alternative to direct coercion or not, they will pick the stepping stool.- A discussion radio site. Right : Many cops realize that a lot of their responsibility is to gather income. It’s now evident, that when given the alternative to direct blackmail or not, they will pick the last mentioned. Related post: â€Å"Latter,† not â€Å"Ladder† 8. helping/lightning The word helping originates from the action word to help, â€Å"to make lighter.† A craftsman can help a shading. A compassionately neighbor can help someone’s forlornness. A driver can alleviate a burden. Dull hair might be helped by the sun. Lightning is â€Å"the obvious release of power between one gathering of mists and another, or between the mists and the ground.† 9. defamation/criticize Slander capacities as a thing and as an action word. The thing is typically used to mean â€Å"aâ published explanation harming to the notoriety of a person.† The action word implies, â€Å"to stigmatize or ruin by the flow of slanderous statements.† As a thing, criticize signifies â€Å"the articulation or dispersal of bogus explanations or reports concerning an individual so as to malign or harm that person.† As an action word, defame is â€Å"to spread libelous reports about.† The lawful distinction between the two is that defamation is composed and defame is spoken or passed on in some other non-composed way. Another mistake with slander is that the thing (criticism) is now and then utilized mistakenly instead of the descriptive word at risk, as in this model from a Canadian government site: Off base: The landowner affirms that the occupant became defamation for the lease from December 01, 2008 and that he permitted her to move in on November 19, 2008 until December 01 without installment of lease. Right : The landowner affirms that the inhabitant got at risk for the lease from December 01, 2008 and that he permitted her to move in on November 19, 2008 until December 01 without installment of lease. At risk is a descriptor that implies, â€Å"bound or obliged by law or as per a standard or convention.† Related post: Is it Libel, or is it Slander? 10. lay/lie Some would contend that demanding the differentiation between the action words lay (to put or to place) and lie (to lean back) is continuing on pointlessly. I keep on demanding the distinction since I accept that speakers who are sufficiently splendid to need to ace a standard type of English are sufficiently brilliant to get familiar with the contrast between these two action words. Advise your youngsters to lay their schoolwork on the table. Tell your pooch he may lie under it. Lay is transitive (has an item). Untruth is intransitive (has no item). Related posts: Action word Mistakes #9: Past Tense types of Lay and Lie Lay versus Untruth: What’s So Hard? Stirring up â€Å"lay† and â€Å"lie† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives Guaranteed and CertificatedPersonification versus Humanoid attribution

Oda Nobunagas Biography

The oda of Omwari Oda Nobunaga was conceived Oda Kipposhi on June 23rd 1534 and was a second child of Oda Nobuhinde who by then was a minor ruler and whose family was worker to Shiba Shugo. Oda Kipposhi’s father was a truly learned warrior who utilized quite a bit of his time in fights as a Samurai to Mikawa and Mino. At home, Oda kipposhi’s father, later Oda Nobunaga, was engaged with power contention with his more distant family over the control of Omwari region (Seal standard 5).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Oda Nobunaga’s Biography explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Oda family was partitioned into two warring branches. The Nobuhide’s branch was positioned at kiyosu and was controlled by three seniors; the second part of the family was housed at Iwakura mansion in the north of Omwari region. At the hour of his introduction to the world, Japan was an isolated nation as Opposed to what it used to be in before years before the horrendous common war of 1460s. The nation was isolated into in excess of sixty areas each under the standard of a Daimyo. Be that as it may, Daimyo were consistently at war with one another during which time various ranches and towns would be scorched. Oda Nobunaga was raised in a château in Nagoya where his dad was among the boss from his Oda family that governed Omwari at that point. During his energetic years, Oda was an attractive and uncommonly elegant man and his dad had recruited mentors to show his child expressions of the human experience of war and other Chinese works of art. Oda anyway end up being an aggravation to his mentors in light of his haughtiness and superfluity. One of his coaches, Kiyohide submitted kanshi in the wake of reviewing a letter asking Nobunaga to pay attention to up his examinations more. This demise made Nobunaga change some piece and respected Hirashi Kiyohide by building the Seisyu-ji in Omwari (Seal standard 4). Oda No bunaga was unusual in his method of dressing wearing odd shaded short sleeve and knickknacks dangling from his midsection. His dispositions were additionally erratic making individuals think him insane. It was reputed that Oda acted as such to trick his more established cousins from seeing him an opponent for the force. Truly, Nobunaga had a conspicuous nose and a scant whiskers and was of raucous conduct. At fourteen years old, Oda Nobunaga wedded a little girl of the master of Mino region. This was a politically prompted marriage dependent on comfort not cherishes. The ascent of Oda Nobunaga Following Oda Nobuhinde’s passing, Oda Nobunaga assembled a little power of not in excess of a thousand men and effectively fabricated a military that later spurned two assaults by family members and by an opponent region. He later murdered his central adversary in the family and a sibling who tested his leadership.Advertising Looking for inquire about paper on asian? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Oda Nobunaga rose to turn into a minor warlord and just held a little real estate parcel in Omwari area. Like most other Daimyo of his time, Oda rose to control following military experiences and by the age of 25 years, he controlled an enormous piece of Omwari region by heartlessly assuming control over regions from his neighbors. By 1558, Nobunaga had effectively joined his family (Morton 47). His standard was possibly secure in 1560 when he crushed Totomi family from the Ingawa region which was coordinating through his territory on their approach to overcoming Kyoto. Following this destruction to the biggest armed force in Japan, Nobunaga out of nowhere turned into a national figure and subsequently numerous different Daimyos met him in an offer to construct coalitions (Saito 25). Like different Daimyos of the Sengoku time, Oda Nobunaga exploited accommodation union with make collusions and fortify his admi nistration. In the first place, Nobunaga wedded his girl to the master of Mikawa area Tokugawa Leyasu’s child. This coalition went on for a long time . O-ichi, Oda Nobunaga’s sister was additionally hitched to Asai who was the master of Omi region. These collusions helped Nobunaga turned into the pioneer of an extremely solid and amazing alliance. This anyway was just a beginning of what Oda Nobunaga sought to do. It was just the start of a domain that he planned to fabricate (Saito 27).He increased his military into in excess of multiple times. He even enlisted rancher to be infantry who conveyed lances and spears while whoever demonstrated ability was advanced through positions (Saito 29). His military ability and authority expertise were again demonstrated when in 1565 he walked into Kyoto and helped drive out a neighborhood warlord who had slaughtered a shogun and rather introduced a multi year old as the new shogun. Nobunaga supplanted the kid shogun with Yoshiaki , the sibling of the killed shogun. He likewise rebuilded the gravely harmed castle and offered cash to the sovereign who had welcomed him to Kyoto. Following the ascent in intensity of Minamoto no Yoritomo delegated in 1192, as a shogun, most rulers lost their capacity, the rest of the shoguns too lost their capacity in spite of the fact that they despite everything could choose judges and different managers. Nobunaga utilized Shogun Yoshiaki as a manikin and even acquired rights to sign report without his assent. This period saw Nobunaga become the most impressive pioneers in Japan inferable from his political and military may (Morton 47). Opposition The advancements at Kyoto disturbed a daimyo that lived outside the impact of Nobunaga. He saw Nobunaga as a power that would prompt his annihilation. To him, Nobunaga couldn't be contrasted with numerous different warlords like Hosokama Sumimoto and Miyoshi Motonaga who were just concerned distinctly about close to home increase and eminence. Nobunaga’s gain anyway appeared to outperform that of the two warlords and couldn't be filled.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Oda Nobunaga’s Biography explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More He realized that Nobunaga’s point was to control the entire of Japan. Four different warlords during Nobunaga’s rule: Mori Motonari, Takeda Shingen, Uesugi Kenshin and hojo Ujiasu had nothing to do with the capital as they had been expelled by Nobunaga. Their development was likewise reduced by Nobunaga who involved a key area. Taking Kyoto just improved things for him as he was presently situated in Japan. Nobunaga’s power depended on the purpose of the blade with the utilization of discretion melting away as he put extra regions under his standard. Nobunaga squashed his adversaries totally particularly those irksome to him (Morton 49). Genuine difficulty The main genuine difficulty came when Asakura Yoshika ge turned down a greeting by Yoshiaki who was requested by Nobunaga to welcome all nearby daimyos to a dinner at Kyoto. Nobunaga accepting this as an image of backstabbing to both shogun Yoshiaki and the ruler. Blaming this, Nobunaga raised a military to assault Echizen which was controlled by Asakura. He made great his danger and was drawing nearer Echizen capital, Ichijo-no-Tani, when he got news that his brother by marriage , Asai Namagasa, spouse to his sister O-ichi had moved puts together and was battling with respect to Asakura’s side. He later moved back to Kyoto and assaulted the joined powers of Asai and Asakura yet the champ of this fight was no other however Nobunaga. This success moved Nobunaga to the most elevated point in his military and political profession (Hooker standard 1). He currently was a power to deal with in the bigger Japan. Be that as it may, Asai and Asakura had murdered Nobunaga’s own sibling, Nobuharu and looked for the help of the pries ts of Mt. Hiei. The fall of Monasteries In 1570, Nobunaga’s armed force under the order of Hideyoshi crushed his brother by marriage, Asai, who had deserted from his camp to join that of his adversary, Asakura. Notwithstanding, both Asai and Asakura couldn't be caught as they got away and looked for shelter in Mt. Hiei which was a home to Enryakuji, one of the most established and holiest Tendai Buddhist religious communities at that point. It is essential to realize that in center of the subsequent centuries, Buddhist priests were not as righteous as we probably am aware them today, yet were somewhat outfitted, political and held a great deal of riches. This came about into a great deal of disdain from Nobunaga who pined for the broad land holding they held and their utilization of religion to mask their capacity interest. At the point when he neglected to destroy Asai and Asakura, Nobunaga begged the priests of Eryakuji to either keep up lack of bias or face his wrath.Adver tising Searching for inquire about paper on asian? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The priests also were in terrible terms with Oda Nobunaga who took a portion of their territories and had taken steps to burden them. They also couldn't see how anybody could make the move Nobunaga was aiming to satisfy of consuming their eight exceptionally old religious community. Meanwhile, Asai and Asakura accepted the open door to escape as the equipped priests occupied with engagements with Nobunaga’s men. In October 1571, in the mid of an exceptionally blustery night, Nobunaga’s vengeance was horrendous as his troopers encompassed Mt. Hiei and set it ablaze. As huge flares immersed the mountain city, a great many warrior priests, ladies and kids were devoured by the fire that decreased the Eryakuji religious community into cinders. Near 3,000 homes, schools, sanctuaries and libraries were decimated in this fire. The entire of Japan shivered at what Nobunaga had mercilessly done. Right up 'til today, at the notice of Nobunaga, Japanese first thing in the psyche is the consuming of the Eryakuji religious community. This demonstration of consuming the cloister had the effect that Nobunaga proposed the same number of Japanese priests were alarmed and quit looking after armed forces, stop to be political and furthermore acknowledged their loss of land without a word. In 1574, one of staying insubordinate Buddhist order went up on fire while a subsequent one was stifled with weapon shoot in the next year. Just the Honganji cloister on Osaka narrows stayed rebellious as it delighted in maritime help from some w

Choosing Between Examples of an Argumentative Essay

Choosing Between Examples of an Argumentative EssayOnce upon a time, the materials for a sample of an argumentative essay were either handwritten or typed. The only way to reproduce the writing style of Shakespeare's contemporaries was to go through each word, and then list them one at a time, usually without alliteration. There was a lot of trial and error that took a long time to get right.In the 21st century, you can get software programs that will allow you to create samples of an argumentative essay simply by opening a Word document and inserting just the right keywords. This gives you something to work with as well as something that other writers are using, because it is difficult to find original examples of argumentative essays, and a lot of good writing comes from people who did not write for style, but for the content they were trying to convey. At least that is how I feel.I like to think of myself as an iconoclast, so I am fairly leery of changes in formats and styles. But I also like change and enjoy the challenge of trying to look at things from different angles. So, I welcome the opportunity to look at all of the varieties of writing and to try to emulate them. Even if my personal tastes are out of kilter with them, I still have to admit that they are good at least.Many of the arguments online for how to get into college have come from computers, and they are not always easy to understand, and some of them even use strange terms. I think I may have even seen one case where someone used the wrong spelling for a word, or a different word for a different meaning, and I do not remember which one it was. In any case, even if the explanations are hard to follow, they are good at helping people learn.The problem with this kind of teaching is that many people get lost when they are left witha very good material without a clear description of what it means. It takes a particular kind of teacher to be able to teach, without trying to be too pedantic or over ly detailed. Most of us can get along just fine without the latter, and the former can get in the way.This is why some people will criticize the books that help people create arguments, arguing that they often give poor reasons for their opinions. There is nothing that such people would learn from the books that would not be useful in everyday life. They are just trying to protect their own opinions, and they are not willing to give up on them to accept the view of another.People are very lucky to have access to some of the best education possible, and they are good at what they do. They usually have good reasons for thinking what they do, and that is all that matters. People who are trying to get into college often have good reasons for getting in, and they should have good reasons for getting out.The best way to get into college is to be able to produce a good essay in no time at all. That is, after all, the point of education. As long as you learn some important lessons about arg umentative essays, you will be able to produce some very good ones.

Regional Impact of the Arab Defeat in 1967 War Essay

Provincial Impact of the Arab Defeat in 1967 War - Essay Example Accordingly different wars have been battled till date. These wars are not restricted to one specific neighbor, rather all the major provincial states have had a portion of contention and war with Israel. The 1967 Arab Israel war was a piece of a similar threatening condition between the provincial states who didn't acknowledge one another’s strength. Watchwords: Jewish settlements, 1973 war, discretionary discovery, freedom developments. 1967 Arab Israel War: The war that battled about a time of Six days (Morgan, 2008, 195) was critical on different records. It affected the contemporary political undertakings just as the eventual fate of Middle East. It depended on the ill will and threatening vibe towards each other that had been in reproducing for long. The significant players of this war were Israel toward one side, Egypt, Jordan and Syria as the Arab states on other (Robbers, 2006, 466). It not just permitted assurance of intensity control in that period of history, yet i n addition prompted future judgments, wars, settlements, and political quality and state of each state against other in the consistent clash of matchless quality in the area. Brief foundation of the war: There were number of occasions that prompted the war, and it was anything but an occasion dependent on the quick military hostile against each other rather the extension and purposes for the war extended to political, social, and regional. Quite a while before the 1967 war, little fights and encounters had occurred, this alongside the foundation of the guerilla styled furnished gatherings who were to dispatch undeclared offensives against Israel in various manners. In a similar limit the result of the war was not only achievement of edge over the foe in one space rather numerous faceted effect based result. Member states: Israel, Egypt, Jordan and Syria comprised the significant players of the war. Reasons for the war: The reasons for the war extended from present moment to long hau l threats and various political moves against each other. Aside from the intermittent regional magnifications as asserted by various equalities, the center purpose of substance held against one another was that of 1948 settlements and foundation of the Jewish state. No Arab states had perceived Israel as a real state and because of it didn't draw in itself in any political or conciliatory movement. In the previous years after the 1948 settlements, the issues rose on individual and two-sided level between each state, with issues emerging among Israel and Egypt first, trailed by Israel and Jordan and the constant issues with Palestine and different neighbors. The issue of Waterways use: Israel and Egypt were secured in disagreement regarding the control and predominance over the conduits, being resembled in to domains and conduits associating them, the two planned to utilize the water sources to most extreme advantage. Israel and Egypt were occupied with an understanding in 1949 over the instance of Suez Canal and other abutting zones (Kohn, 2006, 29), through this understanding a mid way retreat was set up, anyway over timeframe, the two gatherings accused each other for the infringement and interruption of the understandings settled during the 50s and 60s decade. The event of the war occurred at a time period when United Nations observing units would finish the mission. Claimed cross outskirt penetration and utilization of the amicable states against Israel was a state of worry also that can be named as an encouraging component of the 1967 war. This incorporated the penetration of Palestinians and other covert gatherings into Jordan and Syria where its outskirt zones were purportedly utilized against Israel for different offensives. Regardless of being a various power and numerous armed forces, Arab states were of no match against the Israel powers

Free Essays on World Religion

World Religions †Term Paper Quiz Section 1: Comparison among Hinduism and Buddhism 1) Origin Hindu is a modified adaptation of the word Sindhu which is a Sanskrit name for the Indus River. It is called Hindu instead of Sindhu in light of the fact that the Persians found the letter â€Å"s† hard to state. The Hindus allude to the significance of their religion as â€Å"sanatana dharma† or endless law. Hinduism is the primary religion of India speaking to a perplexing blend of customs, rehearses, observances, factions and regulations. It was set up somewhere in the range of 2000 and 1500 BC and is known as the world’s most seasoned religion. This religion is one of a kind when contrasted with different religions in light of the fact that there are no originators and it has a few sacred books instead of one. There are likewise numerous divine beings and convictions. The religion’s roots are from old Aryan convictions and rehearses and are a lifestyle for Hindus. Hindu’s have confidence in resurrection or when the body passes on the spirit lives on. Each time an individual bites the dust they are resurrected into another body. The individual can return as a well evolved creature, bug, or plant. This is called Karma or the characteristic laws of circumstances and logical results. The objective is for people to get away from this chain of resurrection (atman) so their spirit may rest. In Hinduism there is the Trimuti, which comprises of three fundamental divine beings. These divine beings are Vishnu the sustainer, Brahma the maker and Shiva the destroyer. Hindus don't eat meat and are veggie lovers since the vast majority of the Hindu divine beings identify with creatures. For example, dairy animals are viewed as hallowed and Hindus adore these creatures as a heavenly mother. Hinduism has a severe position framework into which one is conceived. The principles are exacting and disallow an individual from speaking with individuals that are outside of the position. One of the convictions of Hindus is peacefulness or ahisma. Another conviction is that individuals ought to be regarded in light of the fact that they are parts of Brahman. Buddhism is gotten from the name Buddha. The essential conviction of ... Free Essays on World Religion Free Essays on World Religion World Religions †Term Paper Quiz Section 1: Comparison among Hinduism and Buddhism 1) Origin Hindu is an adjusted adaptation of the word Sindhu which is a Sanskrit name for the Indus River. It is called Hindu instead of Sindhu in light of the fact that the Persians found the letter â€Å"s† hard to state. The Hindus allude to the significance of their religion as â€Å"sanatana dharma† or endless law. Hinduism is the primary religion of India speaking to a mind boggling blend of ceremonies, rehearses, observances, cliques and regulations. It was set up somewhere in the range of 2000 and 1500 BC and is known as the world’s most seasoned religion. This religion is exceptional when contrasted with different religions in light of the fact that there are no authors and it has a few sacred books rather than one. There are likewise numerous divine beings and convictions. The religion’s roots are from old Aryan convictions and rehearses and are a lifestyle for Hindus. Hindu’s have faith in rebirth or when the body kicks the bucket the spirit lives on. Each time an individual passes on they are resurrected into another body. The individual can return as a warm blooded creature, bug, or plant. This is called Karma or the regular laws of circumstances and logical results. The objective is for people to get away from this chain of rebirth (atman) so their spirit may rest. In Hinduism there is the Trimuti, which comprises of three fundamental divine beings. These divine beings are Vishnu the sustainer, Brahma the maker and Shiva the destroyer. Hindus don't eat meat and are vegans since a large portion of the Hindu divine beings identify with creatures. For example, bovines are viewed as hallowed and Hindus love these creatures as a heavenly mother. Hinduism has an exceptionally exacting position framework into which one is conceived. The standards are severe and restrict an individual from speaking with individuals that are outside of the station. One of the convictions of Hindus is peacefulness or ahisma. Another conviction is that individuals ought to be regarded in light of the fact that they are parts of Brahman. Buddhism is gotten from the name Buddha. The essential conviction of ...

James I of England Essay - 550 Words

James I of England (Essay Sample) Content: AuthorTutorCourseDateJames I of England and Duc de Saint-Simon's The Court of Louis XIVQuestion 1 James I argues that Monarchs cannot be legally and justly overthrown. For his arguments to stand, he anchors them on the principles of faith. He observes that a monarchy is a divinely ordained institution. In addition, the hereditary right cannot be abolished and it would be unlawful and unjust to attack it. The duty and allegiance, which the people swear to their prince, is not only bound to themselves but also to their lawful heirs and posterity, the lineal succession crowns being begun among the people of God and happily continued in divers Christian commonwealths. It is argued that Kings are only accountable to God. Any attempt to attack a monarchy would be rebelliousness towards God himself. Finally, the article suggests that subjects are charged by God and should not resist their monarch but passively obey him even if in their view he is wicked.Question 2 Whereas Go d is the only one allowed to judge a king, justice is evasive because the kings accountability only lies with God and it is him that should punish the King. Now in this contract (I say) between the king and his people, God is doubtless the only judge, both because to him only the king must make a count of his administration In this situation, it is evident that it is impossible for God to overthrow a bad king by allowing a rebellion. The author backs this up by indicating that the King is still the one who plays God; therefore, making the possibility of punishment by giving a rebellion a mirage.Question 3 According to the court of Louis XIV, the monarch employs very unethical tactics to remain in power. His natural talents were below mediocrity; but he had a mind capable of improvement, of receiving polish, of assimilating what was the best in the minds of others without slavish imitation Despite his intentions being selfish, the author portrays him as one who could identify a junio r staff absent in a function. He was quick to notice the absence of those of inferior degreeIf anyone habitually living at court absented himself he insisted on kno...

Macbeth and Animal Farm Essay - 901 Words

AO3 = explain links between the texts, evaluating writers’ different ways of expressing meaning and achieving effects Focus on progression of power Compare the way George Orwell and William Shakespeare present and develop power and attitudes to power in Animal Farm and Macbeth. Writer’s sharing of attitudes other characters and writers AO1 = respond to texts critically and imaginatively; select and evaluate relevant textual detail to illustrate and support interpretations AO2 = explain how language, structure and form contribute to writers’ presentation of ideas, themes and settings AO4 = relate texts to their social, cultural and historical contexts; explain how texts have been influential and significant to self†¦show more content†¦It appears that Shakespeare is justifying Macbeth’s ruthless ambition and want to maintain power, which puts Macbeth into darker depths by having Banquo and Fleance murdered, by his lack of an heir. Similarly, the audience is provided by Snowball as the rival to Napoleon’s absolute power in his introduction to the character in Chapter 2. Orwell tells the reader he ‘was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon’, setting him up immediately in competition His description goes on to describe him as ‘quicker in speech and more inventive ‘. This is proven when he emerges later in Chapter 4 as the brave hero of the Battle of the Cowshed after which we see him awarded with the military decoration of ‘Animal Hero First Class’ while the reader realizes Napoleon seems to be conspicuous in his absence. Moreover, Snowball invents plans for the windmill and Orwell outlines all his creative ideas in his committees and therefore Napoleon clearly makes plans to expel him from the farm. The key difference between Shakespeare and Orwell’s presentations is that we witness Macbeth’s thought processes and plans while Orwell keeps the reader in the dark yet offers them clues that Napoleon is not to be trusted. It comes as no surprise to the reader in Chapter 5 when Napoleon unleashes his personally educated dogs, who represent Stalin’s secret police, on Snowball. Both leaders maintain power by eradicating any competition.Show MoreRelatedMacbeth and Animal Farm Analysis880 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Explore the ways ambition is presented and developed in the texts Macbeth and Animal Farm. Macbeth and Animal farm have many common elements that can be paralleled between the two texts. One of the main ideas is the way the two main characters, Macbeth and Napoleon have an intense ambition and languish to have control over others which they take by force and their desperate attempts to contain it. 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Another one of Shakespeare’s plays that discusses the dangers of power is Macbeth; Macbeth is a Scottish king whose lust for power causes his fatal downfall. As the story begins Macbeth is portrayed as a war hero; he is loyal and he is brave in combat. After the battle Macbeth heads home, on his journey he encounters three witches and they tell him a prophecy that he will become king of Scotland. Macbeth does not think much of the prophecy until it starts to come true, and then he thinksRead More Theme of Power Corruption in Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay1787 Words   |  8 Pageshistory, such as World War II and proven by the actions of Napoleon in the allegory, Animal Farm, by George Orwell. As Lord Acton said â€Å"Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† In history what was viewed as a villain or wrong doer is never the same as the perception. A leader does not begin wanting to do wrong, they start with the best intentions, but power is a tricky thing, showcased in Animal Farm as Utopian ideals but with failed practices. Most new societies that have a UtopianRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare2081 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Elizabethan era. Shakespeare wrote many plays one of his most famous is Macbeth thought to have a curse on it because of the accidents that surround it. This play is about a general who becomes king and eventually becomes corrupt and a tyrant.(Shmoop) Characters Macbeth - Macbeth is a Scottish general and thane of Glamis ( A thane is one of the highest ranking positions after the king and a title of nobility). Macbeth visits three witches who tell him that he will one day be king and that BanquoRead MoreTypes Of Poetry : A Poem Which Deals With Religious Themes, Love, Tragedy, Domestic Crimes, Essay2495 Words   |  10 Pagespoem which tells a story or presents a narrative, simple or complex. 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People who were in witches in those societies were believed to move around atRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesplease the ear and bind verses together, to make lines more memorable, and for humorous effect. ï‚ · ï‚ · Already American vessels had been searched, seized, and sunk. -John F. Kennedy I should like to hear him fly with the high fields/ And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land. -Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Fern Hill† 3. allusion: A casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature, often without explicit identification. Allusions can originate in mythology

An Analysis Of Harrison Bergeron And Brave New World...

Often in our society, people stifle their individuality in an attempt to fit in with others. This idea is taken a step further in both â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut and â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley. These texts demonstrate different ways in which one can surrender their unique traits and how when people lack individuality, they lose aspects of themselves that make them human such as thoughts and emotions. In Vonnegut’s text, people who have talents that exceed others are required to wear handicaps so that everyone is equal. In Huxley’s text, embryos are engineered and trained after birth to be the same in adulthood. In both stories, the authors use description and dialogue to show the reader how individuality is critical to humanity because if everyone is the same eventually they become less human and start acting more like machines. Huxley and Vonnegut both use description to give background information to reveal how people are affected when they are no longer individuals. In Huxley’s novel, description is used in the beginning of the book to show the reader how people are treated more like manufactured items than individual humans. â€Å"Standard men and women; in uniform batches. The whole of a small factory staffed with the products of a single bokanovskified egg† (Huxley 7). It could be argued that this evidence shows the craft move tone more than dialogue. However, in this part of the text the author is describing how this society functions and only shows

Childhood Obesity A Major Health Problem - 1111 Words

Childhood obesity is a major health problem in the United States because the number of obese children has increased from adults in past few years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United Stated, 7 out of 100 children age 6-10 years in 1990 are obese, and it has increased to 18 out of 100 in 2012. For the same period, adult obesity has increased from 5 in 100 to 18 in 100. The definition of being overweight means gained too much weight from fat, muscles and water, but obesity is caused by imbalance between calorie intake and calorie use (â€Å"Children Obesity Facts†). The body mass index (BMI) is defined as the body weight divided by the square of the body height, and it is expressed in kg/m2. The BMI of a normal weight child will be between 18.5 and 25; however, an obese child’s BMI will be over 30 (â€Å"Body Mass Index†). The factors causes obesity in children is dietary habits, physical problems and psychological problems. Obesity can lead to children health problems in long term. Consequently, parents should find ways to prevent and decrease risk from child obesity. Children prefer to eat fast food and drink a lot of soft drink. Children consume junk food more than healthy food nowadays. What is junk food and soft drink? Junk foods are foods that are high in calories and fat, but do not have nutrients. Examples of junk food are hamburgers, candies, fried chicken, French fries etc. Soft drinks are beverages that are high inShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity Is Becoming A Major Public Health Problem1367 Words   |  6 Pagesdecade, there has been a rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, In 2013, the number of children (under 5 Years) said to be overweight was over 42 million with 31 million of them living in developing countries. (WHO, 2015), and if not properly handled, could lead to serious health problems like cardiovascular disease. (Owen et al., 2009). Childhood Obesity is becoming a major public health problem and if not properly talked could lead to serious case of morbidityRead MoreFighting the Obesity Epidemic in the UK912 Words   |  4 PagesPublic health aims prevention of health problems before they occur and mainly focuses on population rather than individual (Thorbory, 2009). It also helps to improve the health and well being of individuals, communities and the wider population and prevent from mortality and disability (Nursing Times.net, 2013). Prevention such as immunisation and screening, Protection such as safety and protection from abuse and promotion such as health education are the three main approaches of public health (RCNRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Gowing Problem Around the World649 Words   |  3 PagesObesity is a growing problem all around the world for far too many children. Obesity means a person has too much body fat. Body fat is measured by a person’s body mass index. When one is measuring a person’s body mass index, they are finding their height and body weight then comparing it to the recommendations made by doctors for each age and gender. After doctors calculate it, they then find a percentile rank to d etermine present and future health issues. Around the world, childhood obesity hasRead MoreThe Importance Of Parental Involvement On Childhood Obesity1342 Words   |  6 PagesPreventing Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is directly linked with a child’s nutritional intake and the amount of their physical activity. In the current literature, the researchers has analyzed and studied how parental influence affect their children in the development of childhood obesity as well as, in its prevention. Effective interventions such as promoting healthy eating and physical activity are habits that can develop at home. Parents are the first liner in prevention of childhood obesityRead MoreThe recent changes in the school lunch and program Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesThe recent changes in the breakfast and lunch programs in the schools have significant impact on the nutritional status of children and in fighting obesity which is a national problem. State and federal governments have issued laws and regulations to minimize the problem. This paper summarizes the major issues and concerns on economic situation and health. It also presents the process and benefits of the program. Economic Situation One of the issues related with the recent change in school lunchRead MoreObesity : A Major Problem Today Society Within The United States1548 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is a major problem in today’s society within the United States. To be more specific, childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is becoming worse, and the adults don’t realize the impact it has on the rest of the child s life. According to Americas Let’s Move initiative the definition of Obesity is, â€Å"excess body fat. Because body fat is difficult to measure directly, obesity is often measured by body mass index (BMI), a common scientific way to screen for whether a person is underweight, normalRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is A Major Problem In The United States.1086 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood obesity is a major problem in the United States. There are multiple reasons for this problem including the child’s school system, the access to technology in young children and the child’s genes. It is sometimes inevitable for a child to be obese due to their genes. There are some precautions being made to help this problem. Some might work but others might fail. Childhood obesity is a major problem and needs to be fixed because it causes major health issues for the child in the futureRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Major Health Issue1731 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Childhood obesity is a major health issue nationwide and globally. This has been going on for many years and childhood obesity has increased tremendously. The main problem is the difference between calorie ingestion and calories consumed. Other influences (hereditary, developmental, and environmental) can also affect obese children. Physical, emotional, and public health issues causes pain and suffering for many children. The process of obesity growth is not completely understoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents991 Words   |  4 PagesIf current adolescent obesity rates continue, predictions say by 2035 there will be more than 100,000 additional cases of heart disease linked to obesity (Collins 1). Childhood obesity has become more of an epidemic over the last few years. Although there are debates of childhood obesity being a problem, several factors contribute to childhood obesity such as parental feeding styles and fas t food, nonetheless, which can all be prevented. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects

The Issues Of George Washington Essay example - 664 Words

Issues nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With a new nation facing overwhelming difficulties, George Washington faced the challenges of being the first president to run, shape, and build the foundations of the newly formed United States. Washington came into office with the country in heavy debt, and an empty treasury. With the issues President George Washington was facing, he proved to be a paragon leader. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One such issue was that of the National debt and creating a National Bank. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that Congress should establish a national bank, in which private investors could buy stock, could print paper money, and keep government finances safe. Washington signed the bill establishing a†¦show more content†¦Jefferson firmly disagreed with Hamilton’s self-absorbed point of views. Washington more often than not favored the opinions’ of Hamilton. Jefferson distrusted the ideas of having a national bank. He viewed them as unconstitutional and an abuse of congressional power. Jefferson also opposed the handling of the Whisky Rebellion, arguing that the farmers were of little threat and an entire army sent to dismantle the rebellion was completely ludicrous and a waste of time. After being elected to a second term, Washington faced more issues concerning the young country. Washington established that neutrality was the best policy for foreign affairs. In 1793, he issues a Proclamation of Neutrality, which stated that the United States would conduct a non-partisan state within foreign powers. Avoiding war would give the young United States the opportunity to develop economically without accumulating substantial debts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An example of Washington neutrality was present in a situation with Great Britain. Britain had declared the ban of trade with France and that all ships carry French goods were to be seized. Britain than also began to seize American sailors. The British also still held posts in the Northwest Territory and rumors led the government to believe that they were promising to help the Indians overthrow the AmericansShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington Farewell Address Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first President of the United States of America, was born on the 22nd of February, 1732 in the colony of Bridges Creek, Virginia. (George Presidential Early Life sec.1 para.3) He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. Washington served as a Major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of t he Virginia legislatureRead MoreGeorge Washington s The War For American Independence1251 Words   |  6 Pages Out of all people in American history, George Washington will always remain to be one of the brightest ones. This is not only because George Washington was the first president of the United States of America, but also because of his character. George Washington was more than just a politician, he was a national leader and an example for many of his followers. Many look to George Washington for the great things he accomplished in his lifetime. Winning the War for American Independence, being theRead MoreAnalysis Of Erving s Rip Van Winkle And Mason953 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I will be explaining Washington â€Å"Erving’s Rip Van Winkle† and Mason Locke Weems’s â€Å"Life of Washington† cultural, social, and historical context. In the â€Å"Life of Washington†, Weems shows how George Washington was raised and how he acted as a child. However, in â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, Irving tells a story of a man who slept through the Revolutionary War and wakes to find a new country. These stories show the problem of how the United States of America was seen in the eyes of foreignRead MoreGeorge Washington And The Era Of The American Revolution1569 Words   |  7 PagesAccepted Masons or Ancient Free and Accepted Masons that has certain secret rituals†. George Washington was one of the American elites to join the Freemasonry society, their intentions weren t to better themselves but to mimic the â€Å"English gentill behavior†, even though the organization actually ending up contributed to the development of the American Revolution. Through the start of this organization George Washington and many of the American elites policies were influenced to what we know them to standRead MoreHow Do Americans View George Washington and Christopher Columbus Today?772 Words   |  4 PagesWashington had an impact on America during the late 1700’s, and Columbus had an impact on what he hoped was the West Indies in the late 1400’s and early 1500’s. George Washington and Christopher Columbu s are viewed in two complete different ways. Columbus found America and brought the early English settlements over. Washington helped found our country. However even though both men affected our country both are viewed differently than today. George Washington set a legacy that we are still followingRead MoreGeorge Washington On Legacies Left1646 Words   |  7 Pageslegacies left by a certain person, George Washington would top the list. George Washington was the first President of the United States of America and he did a stellar job. George Washington was one of the reasons we have the freedoms embodied by Americans still to this day. He did not have a particularly easy childhood but he powered through it. There are so many people who spend their lives complaining but do not do anything to change the situation while George Washington took that pain and let it pushRead MoreEssay Founding Fathers of the United States: George Washington 607 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Washington was the father of the United States of America. He created our country from the beginning. Not only was he a great leader, but he was also a great commander. He helped us win the Revolutionary War, which gave our country independence. We final ly became free, and that’s the greatest thing in America. The fact that he motivated regular people to fight a huge army is amazing. In 1732, George Washington was born on his fathers plantation in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His fatherRead MoreSlavery During The Revolutionary War1388 Words   |  6 Pagesproperty. George Washington, the first president of America was born into a family that also owned slaves, and once he married his wife Martha Dandrig Custis, he gained a lot more slaves. However, his views on slavery changed during the American Revolutionary War. He saw slaves fearlessly fighting in the Continental Army in 1775, and he also noticed some places that did not have slavery and the agriculture were well developed. Also, during the American Revolution George Washington and MarquisRead MoreGeorge Washington s Accomplishments, His Failures, And How It Effected The Federalist930 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Washington as President In 1789, an event that would change and mark the start of using something new was the inauguration for the United States 1st president. Everyone in America celebrated this event because it had finally made us feel like we had things in order and our government was progressing. George Washington was too fond of the idea of being president, but the public summons him to become president. In this paper I going to discuss George Washington’s accomplishments, his failuresRead MoreGeorge Washington : The Founding Fathers901 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Washington was the president whose ideals where the most coveted among the founding fathers. It is difficult to pinpoint a general idea of what the founding fathers wanted for the future of the United States. Some did not want banks just as Jackson did and some wanted to allow a central to making funding of the government much easier. In many ways leaders in Antebellum American were almost just as divided as the founding fathers but more visibly so. We will only look at what George Washington

Essay about Social Psychology Behind Teen Suicide

Teen suicide is a major problem in our society today. The adolescent suicide rate has tripled since 1960, while being the largest cause of death between the ages of 15 and 24. This is the one single age group that has seen an increase in suicides over the past thirty years. There are about 10,000 reported suicides reported annually. It is estimated however, that the true number of teen suicides is actually three to four times that number when unreported deaths are factored in. The teenage years are full of trials and tribulations for everyone. Adolescents are often forced into learning new social roles, developing new relationships, getting used to the changes in your body, and making decisions about their†¦show more content†¦The start of what leads a person to suicide does not have anything to do with the person’s present life experiences, but with their early childhood experiences. This is because the view of others, outside family and friends, has no contribution to the pain that causes suicide and depression. Depression can include self-pity, shame, envy, and grandiosity. All of these things play a role in depression one way or another. Depressed people are usually subject to desire and grandiose ideation. Grandiosity is best described as when a person starts thinking they are above everyone and everything else. They absurdly exaggerate many things in their lives just for attention it brings them. Envy, another cause of depression, has two aspects. In its primary sense, envy is the experience of pain when a person sees that someone else has something desirable, which he would like. Envy is also the experience of pleasure, when the person who has that desired quality suffers misfortune. Shame, in depression, is usually aimed inward toward the victim, or depressed person. When self-pity, another depression mode, is thought of, it usually brings up the feelings of being sad or angry for mistakes that happened in the past. Depressed adolescents frequently communicate their despair before they act out in this final act of desperation. Teens tend to reflect their dysphoria withShow MoreRelatedCanada in a Youth Suicide Crisis Situation Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesCanada in a Youth Suicide Crisis Situation The idea of youth committing suicide mystifies our societal logic. We do not understand the reasons why youth -normally associated with energy, determination and possibilities- turn to such a final act as a solution. Suicide eventually enters all of our lives, either directly or indirectly. However, the situation becomes more cruel and unfair when a youth commits suicide. We can not help but think of the opportunities and potential lost so swiftlyRead MoreTeen Suicide Essays1064 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom cancer, getting shot, or car accidents, but by their own hands. They make the choice to take their lives; they commit suicide. To begin, what is â€Å"Suicide†? According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, suicide is the act or instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally. The number of teenagers who take their lives is rapidly increasing each year. Teen suicide is escalating out of control and no one seems to realize just how severe the issue has become. Every day and average ofRead MoreNegative Effects of Social Media on Teens Essay examples1034 Words   |  5 Pagesthintastic blogs to suicide stories, social media has become not only a source of conversation but a gateway to harmful suggestions that many teenagers see and believe to be allowable, when in fact the situations proposed are dangerous to those who attempt them. Statistics show that 20% of anorexic teenagers will die prematurely, and 80% of teenagers who commit suicide are depressed (South). Social media has glorified and brought to attention eating disorders, depression, and suicide among teens that mightRead MoreTaking a Look at Cyberbullying1105 Words   |  4 Pagesa â€Å"whore† online. Throughout the use of social media, teens are potentially susceptible to become victims of cyber-bullying, and the drama that rises from it could work as a catalyst in the development of psychological traumas. To help the prevention of bullying, parents and schools must work hand in hand in this issue by incorporating anti-bullying education in their curriculums, and establishing a channel of communication and trust between adults and teens. The Centers for Disease Control and PreventionRead MoreHigh School Dating : A Not So Cinderella Story1077 Words   |  5 Pagesany age, but especially so in high school. This is because students are still developing. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that affected teens have a higher risk for eating disorders, drug usage, and suicide, especially if the relationship was abusive1. There’s also a high risk of an unplanned pregnancy. According to Teen Help, 273,105 babies were born to unmarried girls between the age of 15 and 19 in 2013 2. The majority of teenagers are ill-equipped to take care of a childRead More The Dangers of Social Media Essay908 Words   |  4 Pagesour newly developed technology by means of social media. In today’s society, we are surrounded by sites such as Facebook, Twitter, E-Mail, and various other websites that can often times consume our lives. While social media has plenty of advantages, it also has disadvantages that oft en times get ignored. As Internet users, it is important to examine these disadvantages and make sure we understand the negative sides to social media. As social media has become the easiest way to communicateRead MoreHave Smartphones Destroyed A Generation? By Jean Twenge1568 Words   |  7 Pagesstill have a social life, but others are certainly more comfortable online than out partying as stated in the article. She is a professor of psychology who researchs generational differences, work values, life goals, and also speed of development. She had been researching generational differences for more than twenty-five years. It all started when she was twenty-two years old and a doctoral student in psychology. Twenge says that teens now view the world totally differently than teens back in herRead MoreChildren at Risk of Suicide1639 Words   |  7 Pages1. Describe the characteristics of children who are at risk for suicide. Include the statistics related to children and suicide and gender differences. (214) Young children who are at risk of committing suicide may have suffered a loss of a loved one, or are suffering family stress like the parent being unemployed or there being abused by a parent or family friend, and their probably suffering from depression. These children are the ones that show behavioral patterns such as: running away fromRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Growing Epidemic1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthe incidents that happen with accidental teenage pregnancy are spontaneous acts that involved a lack of education and parental guidance. Two years ago, 19.4 percent of teen girls got pregnant in Maryland, according to The Office of Adolescent Health. According to guttmacher.org, â€Å"Although 70% of girls use contraceptives, most teen pregnancies happen because of misuse or failure of birth control† (http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.html) For example, a guy and girl are in a bedroom, andRead MoreEffects Of Bullying On Kids : Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? How Much Harm?1620 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome so complex because we can’t just see what happens to these teens. Bullying can be behind closed doors and cause emotional harm to kids. We have to address the issue and come up with a plan to put a halt to this terrible situation. Bullying is dangerous because it has many effects, mentally and physically, that can last into adulthood and even an entire lifetime. To begin with, there is nothing more important than a life. Yet, suicide is among the top causes of death among teenagers (Erik Messias

A Critical Analysis of the Operational Performance of General Vo Nguyen Giap free essay sample

The paper commences with an outline of his background, before detailing the command requirements made of him during the campaign. The Hersey-Blanchard model is explained, and then compared against Giap’s leadership method. From teenage activist to general 4. Vo Nguyen Giap was born to a peasant family in 1911. At that time Vietnam was almost entirely a rural nation. Aside from the cities of Hanoi and Saigon, population concentrations were based on small villages serviced by provincial capitals. Villages were most often small clusters of homesteads, and were particularly concentrated in the vicinity of the two major rivers in the nation, the Mekong in the south and the Red in the north. Vo Nguyen’s village, An-Xa was located in QuangBinh province. 5 This was one of the poorest regions in Vietnam, and interestingly located adjacent to the 17th parallel, which was later to become the focus of national division. 6 5. Vo Nguyen was raised in a strongly nationalistic family that placed a high priority on education. His father was highly respected within the region both for his participation in the resistance to French rule in the 1880s, and his application to studies. He ensured that his son received a balanced education that incorporated traditional Confucian Vietnamese content and values. 7 Giap became well versed in the rising nationalism of the time, and was noted as a fervent and enthusiastic student of the subject. 8 He demonstrated a particular interest in modes of political thought, and was especially attracted to the works of Lenin, Marx, Engels, and Mao Tse-Tung. He would later become an influential leader in the Vietnamese Communist Party. 19 GEDDES PAPERS 2005 6. Throughout his youth Vo Nguyen’s capacity as a student was demonstrated with his selection for continued studies at local and French academies. This was highly unusual at the time, the majority of the Vietnamese population being illiterate, and only the smallest percentage going past primary school. He was eventually awarded degrees in Law and political economics, and was noted as a student of particular intelligence. He had a considerable ability to dominate others using an adept thought process, and could quickly interpret the intent of others. He had a developed capacity to listen and debate, but also an innate ability to pull back so that points of contention would not become significant obstacles. 10 Whilst a post-graduate student, Vo Nguyen was also a university lecturer. He was highly respected for his ability to instruct in history, particularly military history. This mainly self instructed historical knowledge was the largest portion of Giap’s military experience prior to assuming his first command responsibilities. 11 7. Giap’s distinctive nature represented a synthesis of many pressures. The system of community independence, local dependency, and loyalty within which he was raised was ‘naturally’ at odds with imposed French authority. The many individual nationalistic influences he had in his early life reinforced these ‘natural’ values, recognisable later as the pillars of his idealism. He saw communism as the solution to the complexity which industrialisation had apparently presented to Vietnam and the world, and deeply desired change in Vietnam. Additionally his education, capacity as a student, and his experience within academic circles had left him a capable and influential individual at many levels. This facility, his passionate belief in communism, and his ability to influence those around him were enduring capabilities. Experiences of his youth had prepared him well to adapt to a military environment and for survival within the communist party. Giap and command—revolution in Vietnam 8. The communists’ plan to expel the French was intended to follow a pattern of a threestage revolution; contention, equilibrium, and counteroffensive. Each stage demanded particular philosophical conditions to be met before the next; however, the measure of each was indistinct. It required the communist leadership to gauge the readiness of the population for additional challenge and hardship, a difficult subjective determination. 12 This complexity was intrinsic to the environment within which Giap was to lead. Contention 9. In 1940 Giap was commissioned by Ho Chi Minh to develop political consciousness amongst the peasants in the north of Vietnam. This focus was then extended to raising and training the first element of a formalised ‘contention’ to the French occupation: a guerilla force. 3 Giap did not however experience immediate operational success with his guerillas. His cells were poorly armed, and lacked the quality needed to extend a real operational effect. It was 1942 before Giap could make some impact with his new forces, but even then it was only through minor activity. 14 Over the next three years, however, he improved the size and capability of this force, extending guerilla operations across the entire northern region of Vietnam, and significantly disrupting the French occupation. 5 He also led guerilla operations against the Japanese, an action that gained the Vietnamese communists direct support from the USA and UK, together with additional aid from the Chinese communists. 16 This was a significant and important achievement in the absence of other leaders, and particularly of Ho Chi Minh. 17 Equilibrium 10. As guerilla activity increasingly impacted upon the French, Giap recognised there was a need for larger-scale activity to ensure the achievement of the ‘equilibrium’ stage of revolution. He 20 A CRiTiCAL ANALySiS OF ThE OPERATiONAL PERFORMANCE OF GENERAL VO NGUyEN GiAP 1940–1954 elieved a succession of small victories, achieved by periodically concentrating his guerillas, would have a damning effect on his enemy. 18 In 1944 Giap raised the first regular platoon of the ‘Vietminh’ and Ho Chi Minh, wanting to increase popular support for the revolution, instructed Giap to attack static French targets. Successful, Giap was overwhelmed with new recruits for his developing main force,19 the Vietminh quickly building in size during the remainder of the Japanese occupation. By the middle of 1945 Giap was commanding a regular force numbering 10 000. 20 11. With the end of WWII and the return of Vietnam to French control, Giap’s total force of Vietminh and guerillas numbered altogether around 30 000,21 but despite considerable achievements, including the capture of Hanoi from the Japanese, they were still very inexperienced in conventional warfare. 22 By 1947 Giap had organised his main force into divisions, and in 1948 was commanding small, relatively successful campaigns involving up to nine battalions. Having gained in experience, he began his concerted effort to push French forces from the Tonkin region of north Vietnam. On 16 September 1950 he conducted a successful attack on the Don Khe outpost using wave assaults and massed indirect fire. He followed up on 9 October with an attack on a second post, Cao Bang, as relief in place was being conducted. This was later regarded as the worst defeat the French had suffered in their history of colonialism. 23 Counteroffensive 12. By 1951 Giap’s considerable command extended over five divisions, 12 Artillery Regiments, eight Engineer Regiments, an additional 37 ‘Regional’ Battalions, guerilla forces across all the northern reaches of Vietnam, and enormous numbers of porters logistically supporting his main force. 4 With this now significant capability, Giap attempted to follow up his 1950 successes. In what was considered the first move of a ‘counteroffensive’ he attacked Vinh Yen, north-west of Hanoi, with two divisions. This attack failed, however, and he sustained very heavy casualties. 25 Giap later failed in set battles on two other occasions in 1951 whilst attempting to clear the Red River Delta. He attacked Mao Khe in March, and along the Day River in June. On both occasions he was repelled. The first ‘counteroffensive’ had failed. 26 13. In 1953 Vietnamese strategic advisers identified a unique opportunity. International negotiations surrounding the future of Vietnam presented the opportunity to exploit the declining support of the French population for the war in Indo-China. Giap recognised that the French disposition was centring on Dien Bien Phu and he chose this location to next confront the French. This was a significant challenge, especially given recent losses and Giap’s own concerns regarding the experience of his troops. 27 The final solution involved a whole-of-force activity. Giap encircled the position, and steadily concentrated his assault and supporting forces. He projected diversionary moves into other regions creating the impression of confused objectives, succeeded in diluting French concentration, and weakened their support lines. He also continued guerilla and local harassing activity throughout. 28 When the attack was finally launched his forces had created comprehensive conditions for success. This battle, fought on many fronts, was the event that finally led to the expulsion of the French from Vietnam. Vo Nguyen Giap could no longer be considered just a guerilla leader. The evolution of relations 14. That Giap was well respected by Ho Chi Minh is clear. His rapid rise within the Party, and direct application to difficult tasks throughout the revolution, clearly demonstrated this. Similarly, he had great respect for Ho Chi Minh and his revolutionary vision, but it was with his subordinates that Giap had the most successful interaction. 29 In his early days he had galvanised small villages to 21 GEDDES PAPERS 2005 the cause of revolution. His approach succeeded in generating very great momentum; by the time of Dien Bien Phu he had the support of millions of volunteers supporting his Vietminh forces despite the extreme measures which the French employed. Giap was ruthless in throwing his soldiers against enemy forces in order to achieve his military aims, but he was cognisant of the human toll his battles took. He learnt from his costly mistakes. 30 He developed the capacity to recognise when his soldiers had reached breaking point and was able to adjust his plans accordingly. 31 This combination of subordinate support, mission orientation, and personal understanding was a critical element to Giap’s effectiveness. Effective leadership 15. The essential elements that comprise effective leadership are both subjective and controversial. The body of research surrounding the subject is so extensive that it is necessary to provide a relational focus if it is to be successfully utilised within this examination of operational success. Leadership is defined as that combination of task and relationship behaviours employed by an individual to achieve a prescribed outcome. 32 Combinations are unlikely to be static; rather, they are contingent in nature, depending on the task and the personal requirements of individuals involved in achieving the outcome. The effectiveness of leadership within this paradigm can be gauged by the extent to which the leader’s chosen combination of behaviours assists or detracts from operational outcomes. 33 This is a situational approach to leadership. 34 16. Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard attempted to pattern the situational approach to leadership with their Situational Leadership Model (SLM). Their model is summarised in Figure 1. They divide the spectrum of leadership methods according to measures of relationship and task behaviours, and explain the associated diversity with four basic leadership activities. These are delegating, participating, selling, and telling. In the diagram this is represented within a leader behaviour matrix, the (S4) to (S1) quadrants defined along relationship and task behaviour axes. The appropriate leadership style to be adopted within each situation is then determined by identifying the capability, or readiness, of subordinates to complete the designated task. The relationship between the basic leadership activities and subordinate readiness is inversely proportional. In the diagram the measure of subordinate readiness, high (R4) to low (R1), is depicted below the matrix. The curved line contained within the matrix defines the relationship between leader input and subordinate readiness. This line indicates the appropriate style to be adopted for varying levels of subordinate readiness. 35 17. The SLM was chosen to assist in the critical assessment of Giap’s leadership effectiveness because of the shifting environment he faced in supporting the revolution. Initially he was tasked to generate popular support. He then had to transform this interest to willingness and capability, in order to conduct regional disruptive operations. As the revolution evolved, he then had to raise a conventional army to engage the French in pitched battle, and he finally had to lead the army to expel the French from Vietnam. At each uncertain stage of the revolution he was dealing with an evolving level of capability and understanding, or maturity in position, within his support base. Similarly, he faced an evolving balance of prioritisation between task and the development of this support base. To lead effectively within these conditions Giap had to determine the relationship between task and subordinate requirements to achieve his goals. The SLM provides a guide for predictive leader behaviour in such situational environments and is therefore a suitable tool to assist the assessment of Giap’s operational effectiveness. 22 A CRiTiCAL ANALySiS OF ThE OPERATiONAL PERFORMANCE OF GENERAL VO NGUyEN GiAP 1940–1954 Figure 1: Hersey Blanchard Situational Leadership Model36 VO NGUYEN GIAP—A SITUATIONAL LEADER 18. There are clear parallels between Giap’s operational success and SLM predictions. During the ‘contention’ stage of the revolution he directly oversaw the raising and training of guerilla units, and then commanded them. His aim was to build independent guerilla ‘cells’ that would in turn motivate the development of new cells of their own accord. His style during this period was carefully tailored to his audience, and the requirements of the task. To achieve this he lived amongst the guerillas, suffered their hardships, and led them during dangerous operations. He introduced tactical procedures that enhanced their survivability and their effectiveness, earning their trust, and demonstrating the potential impact their cells could have on the French occupiers. 7 This ‘telling’ and ‘selling’ behaviour increased support for resistance against the French dramatically. As their capability developed, regional operations were raised utilising the local knowledge of the new guerillas. This ‘participation’ behaviour evolved into ‘delegation’ as individual cells and regions graduated to operations without direct input from Giap. 38 His operations were successful in achieving very large-scale support quickly, and in achieving the ‘equilibrium’ stage of revolution. 39 19. In 1954, during the final ‘counteroffensive’ stage, Giap enjoyed probably his most famous operational success. His defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu was the final factor in the withdrawal of French occupation40 and demonstrated a number of situational leadership behaviours. Firstly he conducted complicated diversionary operations that involved his whole force. Elements of his conventional force conducted manoeuvre, supported by ‘telling’ behaviour, his guerilla forces conducted harassing operations, supported by ‘participation’ and ‘delegation’ behaviour and his regional forces conducted general disruption operations, supported by ‘delegation’ behaviour. 41 Giap’s decision to stall his attack on Dien Bien Phu to conduct dditional preparation of his soldiers and officers is further evidence of Giap’s effective situational leadership. 42 He recognised that their 23 GEDDES PAPERS 2005 ‘maturity’ in the conduct of deliberate attacks was low, and so he engaged in ‘selling’ behaviour. He also demonstrate d this behaviour during the assault, taking opportunity to reinforce, and ‘sell’ before continuing. Situational leadership supported the ‘counteroffensive’ stage of the revolution. 43 The SLM complicated 20. Interestingly Giap had applied similar leadership methods in 1951 during the first attempt at a ‘counteroffensive’, but had failed. In his attack on Vinh Yen he did not dislodge the French forces44 and sustained very heavy casualties. 45 He again failed to defeat the French in his next two set battles when attempting to clear the Red River Delta at Mao Khe in March, and along the Day River in June. 46 He has been strongly criticised for his decision-making during those battles. Whilst in isolation this could indicate a poor match with situational leadership, Giap’s own tactical skills at that early stage were still evolving. 47 He had experienced smaller battles and succeeded—but these clashes were his first real pitched battles. Giap’s operational success had not been determined by his leadership method and he had made grave errors in judgement. 48 21. There are two additional influences relating to Giap’s command that had an impact on Giap’s leadership effectiveness. Significantly, the war against the French was part of a wider revolution. From the outset Ho Chi Minh understood that the only way to unite the diverse and independent natures amongst peasant populations was through ideology. The Vietminh was created by the Communist Party, and ultimately led by it. 9 The structure of the army supported the Party’s ambitions as well, demonstrating an evolution as each stage of the revolution was achieved, and facilitated participation of the whole population at each stage. 50 Lower leadership within the Vietminh was largely democratic and imbued with communist ideals, similar to village cooperation,51 and the line between the political and military leadership was blurred for both the leaders themselves as well as the population as a whole. 52 Within such an environment it could be difficult to separate Giap’s personal influence and that of the surrounding idealism. 22. The second dditional influence on Giap’s leadership effectiveness was his own nature. Whilst throughout the considerable period in which Giap led the Vietnamese forces against the French he demonstrated substantial agility in his dealings with others, he was a communist first and commander second. It is highly likely that his passion for his cause was a considerable influence in many of his decisions to commit his forces, particularly when on the brink of failure. He was also an extremely ambitious individual who saw all of his peers as possible threats, and recognised that achieving successful results was a means of his own survival. To an ambitious man such incentive must have been a considerable factor throughout his command. 53 23. It is clear that the Hersey-Blanchard SLM cannot take into account all factors that influenced Giap’s leadership effectiveness over the period of concern. It is, however, useful in explaining Giap’s approaches to leadership during much of his operational experience. Conclusion 24. The aim of this paper was to examine the operational performance of General Vo Nguyen Giap in terms of his leadership performance. Giap experienced his greatest successes during his guerilla struggle and the battle for Dien Bien Phu. However, his leadership effectiveness should also be measured against his failures. His losses at Vin Yehn, Red River, and Day River were dramatic, and typified a piecemeal approach to command. He made grave personal errors. It is possible that these errors could be attributed to his lack of experience as a commander, or his idealistic and political 24 A CRiTiCAL ANALySiS OF ThE OPERATiONAL PERFORMANCE OF GENERAL VO NGUyEN GiAP 1940–1954 nature, but it is unlikely to have been the misapplication of situational leadership. Indeed it is possible that because of heavy and continual indoctrination, Giap’s actual influence over the Vietminh was more political than martial. Each of these factors complicate the examination of Giap’s leadership effectiveness using the SLM. 25. When considering Giap’s successes, however, Hersey-Blanchard’s SLM can be utilised quite successfully. During his guerilla years Giap transited through S1 to S4 behaviours, ultimately relying on independent action within respective regions. Similarly, his mix of behaviours in relation to the diverse forces e utilised at Dien Bien Phu allowed the strengths of each element to add to his overall operational performance. In these instances the SLM indicates that Giap led his forces effectively. His operational successes, and ultimate campaign success indicate that he was, on balance, an effective commander and leader. 25 GEDDES PAPERS 2005 Endnotes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. R. Stetler (ed. ), ‘Introduction’ in General Vo Nguyen,TheMilitaryArtofPeople’sWar:SelectedWritingsofGeneral VoNguyenGiap, UMI, Michigan, 1988, p. 11. Major General R. L. Clutterbuck, ‘General Giap: An Assessment’, TheArmyQuarterlyandDefenceJournal, Vol. 24, No. 3, July 1994, p. 333. D. Miller, ‘General Giap: The Career of this Outstanding Communist General’, WarMonthly, Vol. 9(6), 1981, pp. 1–2. Lt. Gen. P. B. Davidson (Retd), VietnamatWar:TheHistory:1946–1975, Sidgewick and Jackson, London, 1989, pp. 12–3. An-Xa, like most other villages in the nation, was essentially self-contained. Landowners, tenants, and individuals that supplied other necessary services concentrated around the water sources that fed their rice paddies and animals. Perhaps because of this genesis each village also enjoyed a certain amount of autonomy from national interference. Individuals instead were compelled to act in the interest of communities because of the intrinsic requirements each had of the other, and the community of all individuals. These local requirements were enforced by a system of village elders. B. B. Fall, ‘Vo Nguyen Giap: Man and Myth’, in General V. N. Giap, People’sWarPeople’sArmy:TheVietCong InsurrectionManualforUnderdevelopedCountries, F. A. Praeger, New York, 1962, p. xxix. Giap found parallels between Confucian teachings and communism. He felt that ideals within both teachings saw society and individuals blending seamlessly. S. Karnow, Vietnam,AHistory, Pimlico, London, 1994, p. 155. R. Stetler (ed. ), op. cit. , p. 13. Giap’s journey to command of the communist forces began with his interest in revolution. Whilst still a youth he joined clandestine political groups, and formed close associations with revolutionaries from the previous generation. His own stature increased significantly and in the 1930s began filling functional roles within underground movements. He was eventually arrested and jailed by the French for his political activity. Released, he later joined Ho Chi Minh’s newly formed Vietnam Communist Party. Local party officials selected Giap to travel to China to meet with Ho Chi Minh and undergo military training. Ho Chi Minh was impressed with Giap’s potential, tasking him, amongst others, to aid in the raising of Guerilla forces to support the revolution. His subsequent successes led to his appointment to command the communist forces throughout the revolution. S. Karnow, op. cit. ,pp. 156–7. ibid, pp. 19–24. Giap was a focused and dedicated instructor. He delivered enthusiastic accounts of past battles to his young students with a particular weight on his own interpretation of the tactical and strategic determinations of his subjects. C. B. Currey, VictoryatanyCost:TheGeniusofVietnam’sGeneralVoNguyenGiap, Brasseys, London, 1997, pp. 34–5. R. Stetler (ed. ), op. cit. , p. 104. S. Karnow, op. cit. ,p. 157. The main focus of these small groups was ambushing, and laying crude traps. Despite the lack of concentrated effect such activity had a significant detrimental effect on French morale as time wore on. Lt. Gen. P. B. Davidson (Retd), op. cit. , p. 8. S. Karnow, op. cit. ,p. 157. ibid. Ho Chi Minh had been imprisoned in 1942 by Chiang Kai-shek. B. C. Nalty (ed. ),TheVietnamWar:TheHistoryof America’s Conflict in South East Asia, Salamander Books Pty Ltd, London, 1996, p. 0. J. Dalloz, TheWarinIndo-China1945–54, Gill and Macmillian, Dublin, 1990, pp. 98–9. Giap was clearly instructed by Ho Chi Minh that the attacks ‘must’ be successful. This type of influence must have been felt by Giap throughout the campaign. S. Karnow, op. cit. ,p. 157. When the Japanese overturned Fr ench rule they failed to dominate the northern reaches of Vietnam. This allowed Giap and his cadre to move unfettered to spread the revolutionary word and train new recruits. Lt. Gen. P. B. Davidson (Retd), op. cit. , p. 22. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 26 A CRiTiCAL ANALySiS OF ThE OPERATiONAL PERFORMANCE OF GENERAL VO NGUyEN GiAP 1940–1954 21. 22. 23. D. Miller, op. cit. , p. 2. ibid. The French lost 60 per cent of their forces stationed in the region who were either casualties or captured. Significantly they lost considerable arms and munitions including 125 mortars and 13 guns, dramatic force multipliers for Giap’s own use. B. C. Nalty (ed. ), op. cit. , p. 44. Giap’s Vietminh had become substantially more professional and capable as a result of formal training for junior leaders and officers provided by both Chinese officers and later within the Vietminh’s own schools. Capability and effectiveness were also considerably enhanced with the continued provision of Chinese weapon systems as his force grew. It was later estimated that Giap lost between 6000 and 9000 killed and up to 8000 wounded. He also had over 600 of his soldiers taken prisoner. B. C. Nalty (ed. ),op. cit. , p. 44. B. C. Nalty (ed. ),op. cit. , p. 45. The French had considerable defences in place. Seventeen battalions of infantry, three regiments of Artillery, and a tank element defended the position. Defences were divided into separate but supporting strong points that had been hardened considerably. The position had its own air support, and maintained substantial reserves. M. ElliotBateman, Defeat in the East: The Mark of Mao Tse Tung on War, Oxford University Press, London, 1967, p. 194. M. Elliot-Bateman, ibid. , pp. 194–5. It is difficult however to entirely distinguish his effect from that of revolutionary momentum. ibid. , pp. 164–9. As an historian Giap had studied many military commanders and great battles. His greatest influence however was his experience. He was a constant adaptor who learned every possible lesson from his failures. J. Roy, TheBattleof DienBienPhu, Harper and Row, New York, 1965. The willingness of Giap’s soldiers to fight in extremely grim conditions was perhaps best represented at Dien Bien Phu. It was during this battle that Giap had to slow his advance because of his soldiers’ concerns about the rate of effort and high levels of casualties. Whether he was concerned for their welfare, however, is considered unlikely given his previous management of ‘wave’ assaults. He did however understand the requirement to listen to his soldiers to forestall mutinous reactions so he could still achieve his goal. At Dien Bien Phu he changed his plans dramatically to ensure greater survivablity, and later slowed his advance to reinforce. B. C. Nalty (ed. ),op. cit. , p. 51. Task behaviours focus more on specifying the what, who, how and when of an objective. Relationship behaviours focus more on the leader supporting subordinates toward an outcome through effective communication and facilitation. For more see R. Hughes, R. Ginnett, G. Curphy, Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience, 3rd Ed, Irwin McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1999, p. 58–9. ibid. , p. 58. R. L. Daft, Management, 5th Ed. , The Dryden Press, USA, 2000, p. 515. ibid. P. Hersey, K. Blanchard, Management of Organizational Behaviour – Utilizing Human Resources, 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall International, New Jersey, 1993, p. 207. S. Karnow, op. cit. ,p. 157. ibid. , pp. 157–8. D. Miller, op. cit. , p. 2. Combined successfully with strategic effects. B. C. Nalty (ed. ),op. cit. , p. 51. Lt. Gen. P. B. Davidson (Retd), op. cit. , pp. 178–80. H. R. Simpson, ‘A Conversation with Gen. Giap’, Army, Vol. 41, No. 9, Sept 1991, p. 50. Lt. Gen. P. B. Davidson (Retd), op. cit. , pp. 178–80. The French had learned from their recent losses and incorporated their Air Force successfully into the defence. Giap’s two divisions were repelled mainly through the use of napalm. B. C. Nalty (ed. ),op. cit. , p. 44. 27 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. GEDDES PAPERS 2005 45. 46. 47. It was later estimated that Giap lost between 6000 and 9000 killed and up to 8000 wounded. He also had over 600 of his soldiers taken prisoner. B. C. Nalty (ed. ),op. cit. , p. 44. At Mao Khe the French staged an extremely strong defence which Giap’s mass attacks could not penetrate. Along the Day River Giap overextended his forces and failed to maintain reserves. B. C. Nalty (ed. ,op. cit. , p. 45. It has been argued that he failed to capitalise on opportunity, was inflexible in his plan, and critically had not thought of the value air and sea capability added to the French defences. Giap learned many lessons from these failures. Whilst he remained committed to Chinese models of warfare, particularly the characteristics of concentration of force and firepower, he considered the tactics of his enemy more carefully. He realised that large scale attacks within French controlled areas, especially when close to support bases, allowed the French to defeat Giap’s numerical superiority. J. Dalloz, op. cit. , pp. 138–9. Lt. Gen. P. B. Davidson (Retd), op. cit. , pp. 123–6. This was made abundantly clear to soldiers and ‘educationally’ reinforced on a continual basis. It was often reinforced by French response to Giap’s operations. For example in 1950 the French introduced laws involving gaol for Vietnamese proven to have had an adverse affect on military moral, or delayed the movement of military equipment. This led to the jailing of a number of popular Vietnamese individuals, and easy propaganda targets for the communists. J. Dalloz, op. cit. , pp. 121–2. The Vietminh was structured from the base level up. In keeping with revolutionary measures everyone in every village had a role to play. The best of the ‘self defence’ forces within each village became guerillas, the next tier of force. These units were regionally coordinated, but only trained periodically. They were based from their village. They were capable of an element of concerted effort but really existed to assist main force units in diversionary efforts. The best guerillas were recruited to Giap’s main force. J. Dalloz, op. cit. , pp. 121–2. R. Stetler (ed. ), op. cit. , pp. 10–2. For example Giap had been a vocal agitator, and an active representative on urban and rural issues well before his appointment on the Vietminh. G. Porter, Vietnam:ThePoliticsofBureaucraticSocialism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1993, p. 83. Giap had to fight off challenges to his position as commander of the Vietminh in the early stages of its devel opment, and these types of conflicts were to continue to plague him for the rest of his long military career, as successful as he was in dealing with them. Lt. Gen. P. B. Davidson (Retd), op. cit. , pp. 12–3. 48. 49. 0. 51. 52. 53. 28 A CRiTiCAL ANALySiS OF ThE OPERATiONAL PERFORMANCE OF GENERAL VO NGUyEN GiAP 1940–1954 Bibliography Clutterbuck, Major General R. L. , ‘General Giap : An Assessment’, TheArmyQuarterlyandDefenceJournal, Vol. 124, No. 3, July 1994. Currey, C. B. , VictoryatanyCost:TheGeniusofVietnam’sGeneralVoNguyenGiap, Brasseys, London, 1997. Daft, R. L. , Management, 5th Ed. , The Dryden Press, USA, 2000. Dalloz, J. , TheWarinIndo-China1945–54, Gill and Macmillian, Dublin, 1990. Davidson, Lt. Gen. P. B. , (Retd), VietnamatWar:TheHistory:1946–1975, Sidgewick and Jackson, London, 1989. Elliot-Bateman, M. , Defeat in the East: The Mark of Mao Tse Tung on War, Oxford University Press, London, 1967. Fall, B. B. , ‘Vo Nguyen Giap: Man and Myth’, in General V. N. Giap, People’s War People’s Army: The Viet Cong InsurrectionManualforUnderdevelopedCountries, F. A. Praeger, New York, 1962. Hersey P. , Blanchard K. , ManagementofOrganizationalBehaviour–UtilizingHumanResources,6th Edition, PrenticeHall International, New Jersey. Karnow, S. , Vietnam,AHistory, Pimlico, London, 1994. Miller, D. , ‘General Giap: The Career of this Outstanding Communist General’, WarMonthly, Vol. (6), 1981. Nalty, B. C. (ed. ), The Vietnam War : The History of America’s Conflict in South East Asia, Salamander Books Pty Ltd, London, 1996. Porter, G. , Vietnam:ThePoliticsofBureaucraticSocialism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1993. Roy, J. , TheBattleofDienBienPhu, Harper and Row, New York, 1965. Simpson, H. R. , ‘A Conversat ion with Gen. Giap’, Army, Vol. 41, No. 9, Sept 1991. Stetler, R. (ed. ), ‘Introduction’, in General Vo Nguyen,TheMilitaryArtofPeople’sWar:SelectedWritingsofGeneralVo NguyenGiap, UMI, Michigan, 1988. 29